ABSTRACT
Introduction A foreign body (FB) is an object or substance foreign to the location where it is found. FBs in the ear, nose, and throat are a common problem frequently encountered in both children and adults. Objective To analyze FBs in terms of type, site, age, and gender distribution and method of removal. Methods A retrospective study was performed in a tertiary care hospital in the central part of Nepal. The study period was from June 2013 to May 2014. The information was obtained from hospital record books. Results A total of 134 patients had FBs in the ear, nose, or throat; 94 were males and 40 were females. Of the 134 patients, 70 (52.23% ) had FB in the ear, 28 (20.89% ) in the nose, and 36 (26.86% ) in the throat. The FB was animate (living) in 28 (40% ) patients with FB in the ear and 1 (3.5% ) patient with FB in the nose, but the FB was inanimate (nonliving) in any patient with FB in the throat, in 42 (60% ) patients with FB in the ear FB, and in 27 (96.4% ) patients with FB of the nose. The FB was removed with or without local anaesthesia (LA) in 98 (73.13% ) patients, and only 36 patients (26.86% ) required general anaesthesia (GA). The most common age group affected was <10 years. Conclusion FBs in the ear and nose were found more frequently in children, and the throat was the most common site of FB in adults and elderly people. Most of the FBs can be easily removed in emergency room or outpatient department. .
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Genes, Tumor Suppressor/physiology , Oncogenes/physiology , Receptors, Notch/physiology , Erythrocytes/physiology , Genes, Switch , Hematologic Neoplasms/drug therapy , Hematologic Neoplasms/metabolism , Hematopoiesis/genetics , Hematopoietic Stem Cells/physiology , Megakaryocytes/physiology , Signal Transduction/physiologyABSTRACT
Cellular energy metabolism is one of the main processes affected during the transition from normal to cancer cells, and it is a crucial determinant of cell proliferation or cell death. As a support for rapid proliferation, cancer cells choose to use glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen (Warburg effect) to fuel macromolecules for the synthesis of nucleotides, fatty acids, and amino acids for the accelerated mitosis, rather than fuel the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria biogenesis is also reprogrammed in cancer cells, and the destiny of those cells is determined by the balance between energy and macromolecule supplies, and the efficiency of buffering of the cumulative radical oxygen species. In glioblastoma, the most frequent and malignant adult brain tumor, a metabolic shift toward aerobic glycolysis is observed, with regulation by well known genes as integrants of oncogenic pathways such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase, MYC, and hypoxia regulated gene as hypoxia induced factor 1. The expression profile of a set of genes coding for glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle in glioblastoma cases confirms this metabolic switch. An understanding of how the main metabolic pathways are modified by cancer cells and the interactions between oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes with these pathways may enlighten new strategies in cancer therapy. In the present review, the main metabolic pathways are compared in normal and cancer cells, and key regulations by the main oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are discussed. Potential therapeutic targets of the cancer energetic metabolism are enumerated, highlighting the astrocytomas, the most common brain cancer.
Subject(s)
Humans , Brain Neoplasms , Glutaminase , Glutamine , Oncogenes/physiology , Brain Neoplasms , Cell Proliferation , Cell Transformation, Neoplastic , Citric Acid Cycle/physiology , Glycolysis/physiology , Pentose Phosphate Pathway/physiology , Stem Cells , Stem CellsABSTRACT
Las evidencias epidemiológicas, virológicas y clínicas demuestran que hay una estrecha asociación entre tipos específicos de HPV y cáncer cervicouterino. La infección por HPV precede el desarrollo de la enfermedad cervical. Los HPV están presentes en las lesiones precursoras. La infección por HPV es una condición necesaria pero no suficiente, se requiere de factores que participan en la oncogénesis cervical. No se conoce la función que ejercen algunos factores asociados. Una pequeña proporción de las infecciones por HPV de alto riesgo desarrollan una neoplasia maligna.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Papillomavirus Infections/complications , Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology , Papillomavirus Infections/virology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/etiology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/prevention & control , Oncogenes/physiology , Oncogenes/genetics , PapillomaviridaeABSTRACT
Pancreatic cancer is a deadly disease with no effective therapy short of surgical resection. Unfortunately, only a minority of patients are candidates for potential curative surgery as the tumor spreads early to extrapancreatic sites. Patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer survive less than 1 year following diagnosis. The current challenge for both clinicians and scientists is to translate the growing body of knowledge of the molecular basis of this disease into effective strategies for early diagnosis and systematic treatment. Molecular studies of pancreatic cancer have revealed that this cancer is associated with several genetic mutations. Although our knowledge of the molecular alterations in pancreatic cancer has grown significantly, there is still much to learn. It is clear that oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, growth factors and DNA mismatch repair genes all play a role in pancreatic tumorigenesis. However, a better understanding of the relative contribution of each of these molecular alterations is necessary and will aid the development of more effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to deal with this deadly and aggressive cancer.
Subject(s)
Cyclooxygenase 2/physiology , DNA Repair/physiology , Genes, Tumor Suppressor/physiology , Humans , Oncogenes/physiology , Pancreatic Neoplasms/geneticsABSTRACT
La endometriosis es una enfermedad cuya etiología no se conoce y sobre la cual existen diferentes teorías que a la fecha no han sido totalmente demostradas. Está claramente demostrado que las mujeres que presentan dicha enfermedad cursan con infertilidad y que la recurrencia de aparición de los focos endometriósicos es alta, y al parecer no dependientes del estímulo estrogénico. Este fenómeno se ha atribuido a otros factores de crecimiento y algunos oncogenes los cuales son expresados para contrarrestar la falta del estímulo estrogénico. Sin embargo, pocos estudios existen en relación a los oncogenes u otros receptores hormonales, por lo que el presente trabajo tuvo por objetivo el evaluar su expresión tanto en tejido eutópico como en ectópico de mujeres con diagnóstico previo de endometriosis. El análisis de la expresión tanto de c-myc, neu y el receptor de prolactina (PRLr) se realizó por la técnica de RT-PCR. Nuestros resultados demuestran que tanto myc como el PRLr se expresan de manera distinta entre los diferentes tejidos, en tanto que neu se expresa de la misma manera entre los dos tejidos. Con estos datos concluimos que las células que conforman el foco endometriósico presentan un estado diferencial en relación a la expresión de algunos de sus genes, lo cual favorece el desarrollo y mantenimiento de los mismos en un ambiente hormonal diferente al de la cavidad uterina.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Endometriosis/physiopathology , Oncogenes/physiology , Receptors, Prolactin/analysis , Choristoma/physiopathology , Estradiol/physiologySubject(s)
Mouth Neoplasms/classification , Mouth Neoplasms/pathology , Mouth Neoplasms/therapy , Analgesia , Brachytherapy , Carcinogens/classification , Dentistry , Drug Therapy , Drug Therapy/classification , Genes, Tumor Suppressor/physiology , Mouth Neoplasms , Mouth Neoplasms/complications , Mouth Neoplasms/diagnosis , Mouth Neoplasms/drug therapy , Mouth Neoplasms/epidemiology , Mouth Neoplasms/genetics , Mouth Neoplasms/immunology , Mouth Neoplasms/physiopathology , Mouth Neoplasms/prevention & control , Mouth Neoplasms/radiotherapy , Mouth Neoplasms/rehabilitation , Mouth Neoplasms/surgery , Head and Neck Neoplasms/therapy , Oncogenes/physiology , Osseointegration , Osseointegration/radiation effects , Osteoradionecrosis/etiology , Hyperbaric Oxygenation/methods , Prognosis , Chemoprevention/methods , Radiotherapy , Plastic Surgery Procedures , Retinoids/chemistry , Retinoids/pharmacologySubject(s)
Humans , Bioethics , Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Carcinogens , Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics , Environmental Pollution/adverse effects , Genetics, Population , Lung Neoplasms/genetics , Neoplasms/genetics , Neoplasms/mortality , Oncogenes/physiology , Risk Groups , Genetic Testing , Genetic Testing/legislation & jurisprudence , Genetic Testing/standards , Genetic Testing/psychology , Chromosome Aberrations/etiology , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
El cáncer humano constituye un importante problema de salud; en particular, el cáncer cérvico-uterino es frecuente en países latinoamericanos. Los oncogenes activados (myc y ras, por ejemplo) y los antioncogenes (p53 o Rb), al inactivarse participan en los múltiples pasos de la carinogénesis. Además, algunos virus están asociados con el cáncer humano. Por ejemplo, los papilomavirus humano (PVH) de alto riesgo están involucrados en carcinoma cérvico-uterino. La tipificación del PVH es importante para el diagnóstico y el pronóstico de esta enfermedad. El entendimiento de la bioquímica y de la genética molecular de los genes supresores de tumor, de los congenes celulares y de los virus tumorigénicos, abre nuevas posibilidades en el diagnóstico, la vacunación, así como en la terapia del cáncer cérvicouterino
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Genes, Tumor Suppressor/genetics , Neoplasms , Oncogenes/physiology , Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/genetics , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/immunology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/virology , VaccinesABSTRACT
Se analiza una experiencia multicéntrica de resecciones de colonoscópicas de pólipos colo-rectales con un electrobisturí de radiofrecuencia. Fueron testeados 1016 pacientes con 1720 pólipos. Hubieron 63.87 por ciento pacientes masculinos y la edad promedio fue de 58.4 años. El 17,02 por ciento tenía lesiones múltiples y el 60,8 por ciento eran pólipos sésiles. La localización más frecuente fue en el sigmoides (50,9 por ciento) y luego el recto (27,09 por ciento). El exámen histológico mostró un 89,19 por ciento de adenomas y con una malignización del 8,64 por ciento. Las complicaciones fueron: hemorragia en 21 (1,3 por ciento) enfermos y perforación en 2 (uno de ellos fue operado). No hubo mortalidad.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Colorectal Surgery/methods , Colonic Neoplasms , Colonoscopy , Endoscopy , Endoscopy/adverse effects , Endoscopy/statistics & numerical data , Polyps/surgery , Polyps/physiopathology , Polyps/therapy , Rectal Neoplasms , Dietary Fats/adverse effects , Dietary Fiber , Oncogenes/physiology , Proctocolectomy, RestorativeABSTRACT
Uma característica fundamental de todas as células eucariotas superiores é o período definido de vida do organismo, propriedade essa que se estende às células somáticas individuais que possuem o crescimento e a divisao altamente regulados. O estudo dos mecanismos de oncogênese tem permitido um conhecimento mais aprofundado desses processos de diferenciaçao e proliferaçao celulares. Alteraçoes genéticas relacionadas aos oncogenes, genes supressores de tumor e genes de reparo de erros de pareamento do DNA, estao ligadas à origem da formaçao dos tumores. O objetivo desta revisao é apresentar, sumariamente, alguns dos principais mecanismos de oncogênese nos tumores endócrinos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Endocrine Gland Neoplasms/genetics , Oncogenes/physiology , Endocrine Gland Neoplasms/physiopathologyABSTRACT
A etiologia do câncer oral envolve múltiplos fatores ambientais e genéticos. Neste artigo, apresentamos uma revisäo sobre os principais fatores etiológicos e, especialmente, sobre os principais genes envolvidos na gênese do câncer bucal
Subject(s)
Genes, Tumor Suppressor/physiology , Mouth Neoplasms/etiology , Oncogenes/physiologyABSTRACT
Esta revisión tiene por finalidad, presentar información actualizada de la estructura, función y localización de diferentes oncogenes en las células eucarióticas, resaltando la importancia de estos agentes como generadores de células neoplásicas formadoras de tumores